Sand Tiger Sharks

Diving to observe Sand Tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus) is a popular pastime amongst recreational divers. Their known habitat sites are often within reachable depths close to land, and their preference for reefs, caves, overhangs and shipwrecks makes a picturesque setting for documenting these majestic animals. Spot a Shark's project aims to improve the population status through direct involvement of the diving community with our research project. Our online database will provide up-to-date reporting of individual sharks and support efforts for conservation improvements of the critically endangered Sand Tiger shark.

Species overview

Sand Tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus) are found along the east and west coasts of Australia. C. taurus  have unique spot patterns along the sides of their bodies that can be used to identify individuals. This species is characterised by two dorsal fins of similar proportions, the first sitting well back from the pectoral fins, brownish spots on the body and tail and visibly long awl-like teeth in both jaws (read more on their teeth - http://www.elasmo.com/cunningham/c_taurus/sc_ct-files.html). The shape of their caudal (or tail) fin tends to push the snout of the shark down (3 & 4). This is balanced with the lift produced by the pectoral fins, and to some extent, the ventral surface of the snout (3 & 4).

Illustration of a C. taurus by Liss Finney for Spot A Shark

Like many other species of shark, C. taurus  uses its large oily liver and its fins to control its buoyancy (3). They also swim to the surface and swallow air, allowing them to hover and appear motionless just above the seafloor. C. taurus  are grey or bronze in colour on their upper surface and pale on the lower surface of their body, providing some form of camouflage by making it difficult for their unsuspecting fish prey to distinguish them from the surface (3).

Habitat, life cycle and feeding

Carcharias taurus  are frequently viewed by divers at most of the major aggregation sites along NSW and QLD coasts. A separate population also exists along the west coast of Australia (6). They are often seen lingering motionless just above the seafloor in gutters, overhangs and in caves. There is some evidence to suggest that they move to distinct habitats for part of their life cycle for breeding, pupping and for feeding (5).

Unlike other sharks, female C. taurus  have two uteri. They fertilise their eggs internally and these are released into each uterus simultaneously. As the pups mature in the uterus they eat other pups until only one remains (6). These then continue to mature, living off additional eggs produced by the mother. After a further 9-12 month period, both pups are born. As this only occurs once every two years, female sharks only average one pup per year. They are considered to have the lowest reproduction rate for all sharks. Female Sand Tiger sharks mature at 220-230 cm, males at 190-195 cm (4), and pups are born at around 100 cm (1). They can grow to a maximum total length of 318 cm and a maximum weight of approximately 190 kilograms (kg) (4). These sharks mainly eat a range of bony fish, rays, juvenile sharks and crustaceans (2).

Distribution

Carcharias taurus  has a disjunct sub-population distribution and occurs in either coastal tropical or temperate seas of the north and south Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Oceans (4). In Australia, C. taurus  occurs on both east and west coasts, although populations are genetically distinct (7). The east coast population is listed as Critically Endangered due to its small population size and ongoing anthropogenic impacts (15 & 17). On the east coast, C. taurus  is usually observed at inshore rocky reefs from southern Queensland to southern New South Wales (9). This species has been recorded from the surf zone down to the continental shelf at depths of 190 m and sometimes at depths of 230 m (14).

The range of the east coast population is approximately 2,700 km and extends from the Capricornia Coast in Queensland to Narooma in southern New South Wales (14). Sand Tiger sharks have been recorded at 153 locations along the east Australian coast as far south as the NSW/Victorian border (4). The range of the west coast population is less well known but records indicate the species occupies sites from the North West Shelf (including coastal waters in Exmouth Gulf), south to coastal waters near Cocklebiddy in the Great Australian Bight (6), covering a range of approximately 2,900 km.

Migratory movement patterns. Image credit Barker and Williamson, 2010.

Carcharias taurus  undergoes coastal seasonal migration associated with the reproductive cycle and governed by water temperature (19 & 20). Tagging studies have revealed a northerly migration occurs along the east coast of Australia during autumn and winter, followed by a southerly migration in spring and summer (16).

Migratory movements have been shown to be sex-biased and linked to level of maturity. The distribution and movement patterns of larger individuals on the east coast of Australia varies with reproductive activities while immature sharks of both sexes tend to be found mostly in the mid to southern parts of the species east coast range (9, 16 and 18). Mature Sand Tiger sharks have been recorded moving distances of up to 1,260 km for a female (21) and up to 1,550 km for a male (16), while immature Sand Tiger sharks have been shown to travel distances exceeding 500 km (9, 21, 14).

Similar information can be gained through non-invasive photographic methods (Photo-ID). Barker and Williamson (2010) examined the movement patterns of seventeen sharks, describing both north to south and south to north movement patterns over distances ranging from 200 to 1,150km. The average site-to-site movement pattern was 350 km.

One individual first documented on 21 October 2005 at Julian Rocks (Byron Bay) was resighted on the 4 July 2008 at South Solitary Island and then at Montague Island 1,150km further south on the 15 March 2009. Strong philopatric and movement behaviour for C. taurus  was observed during our studies, although the exact timing of sharks either leaving or arriving at these sites during photographic resighting remains unclear. This aspect would require multiple years to collect sufficient data relating to temperature, sex and size classes of male, female and young-of-the-year juvenile sharks. Further up-to-date migration information will be published soon and will hopefully reveal important information on the exact timing of these movement patterns along the east coast of Australia.

Research on the west coast of Australia examined the movements of three juvenile Sand Tiger sharks and found that the juvenile sharks moved hundreds of kilometres along the mid-west coast between Perth and Kalbarri (22). This study suggested that individual Sand Tiger sharks were not restricted to particular localities or habitats for the west coast, although one of these sharks returned to within 10 km of its release location within three months of its release. Additionally, tagged sharks moved between depths of 20 and 160 m, indicating broad use of the continental shelf in Western Australia (22).

Further work involving additional animals is required to enable a thorough understanding of the migrations of sharks of various size classes, especially for the west coast population. Photo-ID may be an efficient and cost effective way to gather this data and reveal more important aspects of this shark's behaviour along the west coast.

Sources and Links

  1. Environment Australia. (2002). Recovery plan for the Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus) in Australia, Environment Australia, June 2002. www.environment.gov.au/coasts/publications/grey-nurse-plan/. [accessed 2008 June 12]
  2. Harding, J.H. (1990). Return of the Sand Tiger. Sea Frontiers. 36: 30-33.
  3. Australian Museum Fish Site. http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/students/. [accessed 2009 March 8]
  4. Last, P.R, & Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia, 2nd ed. CSIRO Division of Fisheries, Australia.
  5. NSW Department of Primary Industries. Sand Tiger shark critical habitat. http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/species-protection/. [accessed 2009 March 8]
  6. Chidlow, J., Gaughan, D. & McAuley, R. (2005). Identification of Western Australian Sand Tiger Shark aggregation sites. Final Report to the Australian Government.
  7. Stow, A., Zenger, K., Briscoe, D., Gillings, M., Peddemors, V.M., Otway, N., Harcourt, R. (2006) Isolation and genetic diversity of endangered Sand Tiger shark (Carcharias taurus) populations. Biol. Lett. 2: 308-311.
  8. West, R. (2008). Final determination to omit C. taurus  into Part 1 of schedule 4A Critically Endangered Species of the Act. http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/. [accessed 2009 March 8]
  9. Otway, N, & Burke, A. (2004) Mark-recapture population estimate and movements of Sand Tiger Sharks. NSW Fisheries Conservation Research, Port Stephens, NSW.
  10. Dicken, M, Booth, A, Smale M. (2006). Preliminary observations of tag shedding, tag reporting, tag wounds, and tag biofouling for raggedtooth sharks (Carcharias taurus) tagged off the east coast of South Africa. Journal of Marine Science. 63
  11. Van Tienhoven A, Den Hartog J, Reijns R, Peddemors VM. (2007) A computer-aided program for pattern-matching of natural marks on the spotted raggedtooth shark Carcharias taurus. Journal of Applied Ecology. 44: 272-280.
  12. Bansemer ,C, Bennet, M.B. (2008) Multi-year validation of photographic identification of Sand Tiger sharks, Carcharias taurus, and applications for non-invasive conservation research. Marine and Freshwater Research 59: 322-331
  13. Cropp, B. (1974). Handbook for skindivers. Jack Pollard Sportmaster, Sydney.
  14. Otway NM, Storrie MT, Louden BM, Gilligan JJ. (2009) Documentation of depth-related migratory movements, localised movements at critical habitat sites and the effects of SCUBA diving for the east coast Sand Tiger shark population. Industry & Investment NSW. Fisheries Final Report Series No. 112. ISSN 1837-2112, p. 90.
  15. Department of the Environment (2014) Recovery Plan for the Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus) in Australia. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au (accessed 2015 December 20)
  16. Otway, N. M., & Ellis, M. T. (2011) Pop-up archival satellite tagging of Carcharias taurus: movements and depth/temperature-related use of SE Australian waters. Marine and Freshwater Research 62(6), pp. 607-620.
  17. Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act [EPBC]. 1999. www.comlaw. gov.au/comlaw/LegislationActCompilation1.nsf/. (accessed 20 January 2010).
  18. Barker SM, Williamson JE. 2010. Collaborative photo-identification and monitoring of Sand Tiger Sharks (Carcharias taurus) at key aggregation sites along the eastern coast of Australia. Mar Freshw Res. 61:971-979.
  19. Pollard D, Lincoln-Smith MP, Smith AK. 1996. The biology and conservation status of the Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus, Rafinesque 1810) in NSW, Australia. Aqua Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosystem. 6:1-20.
  20. Parker, P., and Bucher, D. J. (2000). Seasonal variation in abundance and sex ratio of Sand Tiger (sand tiger) sharks Carcharias taurus  in northern New South Wales, Australia: a survey based on observations of recreational scuba divers. Pacific Conservation Biology 5, 336-346.
  21. Bansemer, C., & Bennett, M. (2009). Reproductive periodicity, localised movements and behavioural segregation of pregnant Carcharias taurus  at Wolf Rock, southeast Queensland, Australia. Marine Ecological Progress Series 374, 215-227.
  22. McAuley, R. (2004). Western Australian Sand Tiger Shark Pop Up Archival Tag Project. Final Report to Department of Environment and Heritage. Department of Fisheries, Western Australia. pp 49.